Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural problems with the heart that are present at birth. These defects can vary in severity and type, impacting the heart's ability to pump blood effectively. Understanding the most common types of congenital heart defects is essential for early detection and appropriate treatment. Below are some of the most prevalent CHDs.

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
An atrial septal defect is a hole in the wall (septum) that divides the heart's two upper chambers (atria). This defect allows oxygen-rich blood to flow from the left atrium to the right atrium, leading to increased blood flow to the lungs. Symptoms may include fatigue and difficulty in physical activities, but some individuals may exhibit no signs. Treatment options may include monitoring, medications, or surgery.

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
A ventricular septal defect is a similar condition but occurs between the two lower chambers of the heart (ventricles). This defect can cause high blood pressure in the lungs and heart failure if not addressed. Children with VSD may experience shortness of breath, slow growth, and frequent respiratory infections. Treatment usually involves surgery to close the defect.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
The ductus arteriosus is a blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery and the aorta before birth and usually closes shortly after delivery. If it remains open (patent), it can lead to increased blood flow to the lungs and heart enlargement. Symptoms may include rapid breathing and poor weight gain. Treatment can involve medication or a minimally invasive catheter procedure to close the vessel.

Coarctation of the Aorta
Coarctation of the aorta is a condition where a portion of the aorta is narrowed, leading to higher blood pressure in the upper body and lower blood pressure in the legs. Signs may include elevated blood pressure readings and heart murmurs. Treatment generally requires surgical intervention to widen the narrowed section.

Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot is a complex heart defect that includes four specific heart abnormalities: a ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and an overriding aorta. Symptoms often manifest as cyanosis (a bluish color of the skin due to lack of oxygen), difficulty in feeding, and poor growth. Surgery is typically required to repair the defects.

Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
In transposition of the great arteries, the two main arteries leaving the heart are reversed, causing the body to receive deoxygenated blood while the lungs receive oxygen-rich blood. This condition can be life-threatening and symptoms may include cyanosis and difficulty breathing. Immediate medical intervention is critical, and surgery is usually necessary to correct the defect.

Pulmonary Stenosis
Pulmonary stenosis occurs when there is a narrowing of the outflow tract from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. This blockage can lead to an increased workload on the heart and may cause symptoms like fatigue and chest pain during exertion. Treatment can involve balloon angioplasty or surgical valve repair or replacement.

Understanding these common types of congenital heart defects is pivotal for parents, caregivers, and healthcare providers. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve outcomes and enhance the quality of life for those affected. Regular check-ups and monitoring are crucial, especially for children with known heart defects.