Interventional cardiology is a specialized field of cardiology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of heart conditions through catheter-based techniques. It offers less invasive options compared to traditional surgery, allowing for quicker recovery times and fewer complications. Below are some of the most common types of procedures performed in interventional cardiology.

1. Angioplasty and Stenting

Angioplasty is a procedure used to open narrowed or blocked coronary arteries, improving blood flow to the heart. During this procedure, a small balloon is inserted into the artery and inflated, which expands the artery walls. In many cases, a stent—a small wire mesh tube—is also placed to keep the artery open and prevent re-narrowing.

2. Coronary Thrombectomy

Coronary thrombectomy is performed to remove a blood clot from a coronary artery that can lead to heart attacks. This procedure is often associated with angioplasty and stenting to restore blood flow rapidly and effectively.

3. Balloon Valvuloplasty

Balloon valvuloplasty is used to treat narrowed heart valves, particularly the aortic and mitral valves. A balloon catheter is inserted into the narrowed valve and inflated to widen the valve opening, allowing better blood flow. This procedure is typically a temporary solution, and some patients may later require surgical valve replacement.

4. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) Closure

An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a hole in the wall between the heart's upper chambers. This defect can lead to excessive blood flow to the lungs and heart failure. ASD closure involves the insertion of a device through a catheter to seal the hole, improving heart function and reducing symptoms.

5. Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) Closure

A patent foramen ovale is a small, flap-like opening between the atria that fails to close after birth. In some cases, this can contribute to stroke risk. PFO closure is achieved by placing a closure device through a catheter, effectively sealing the opening and reducing the risk of complications.

6. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)

TAVR is a revolutionary approach to replacing the aortic valve in patients with severe aortic stenosis, especially those who are at high risk for traditional surgery. A catheter is used to deliver a new valve directly to the diseased valve site, resulting in less trauma and shorter recovery times.

7. Endomyocardial Biopsy

This procedure is used to obtain a small sample of heart tissue for examination. It is often performed when a patient exhibits signs of heart failure or unexplained cardiomyopathy. An endomyocardial biopsy helps determine the cause of heart disease and guides appropriate treatment options.

8. Temporary and Permanent Pacemaker Insertion

Pacemaker insertion is essential for managing arrhythmias or irregular heartbeats. A temporary pacemaker may be used for short-term management during hospital stays, while a permanent pacemaker is implanted to regulate heart rhythm long-term. The procedure is minimally invasive, usually performed through a vein.

9. Intracoronary Imaging

While not a treatment per se, intracoronary imaging techniques like intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) help provide crucial information about the condition of coronary arteries. These imaging techniques guide interventional cardiologists in making informed decisions during other procedures.

10. Peripheral Vascular Interventions

Interventional cardiologists also perform procedures on peripheral arteries, such as those in the legs and arms. These interventions, which include angioplasty and stenting of peripheral arteries, are essential for treating peripheral artery disease (PAD) and preventing complications like limb ischemia.

In conclusion, interventional cardiology encompasses a range of life-saving, minimally invasive procedures that enhance the management of various heart conditions. As technology advances, the scope of this field continues to expand, offering new hope to patients with cardiovascular diseases.